Commit 0da68f50 authored by jackfrued's avatar jackfrued

更新了Linux和数据库文档

parent 243c42cf
......@@ -655,12 +655,45 @@ Linux系统的命令通常都是如下所示的格式:
#### 磁盘管理
1. 列出文件系统的磁盘使用状况 - **df**。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 40G 5.0G 33G 14% /
devtmpfs 486M 0 486M 0% /dev
tmpfs 497M 0 497M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 497M 356K 496M 1% /run
tmpfs 497M 0 497M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 100M 0 100M 0% /run/user/0
```
2. 磁盘分区表操作 - **fdisk**。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000a42f4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 83884031 41940992 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
```
3. 格式化文件系统 - **mkfs**。
4. 文件系统检查 - **fsck**。
5. 挂载/卸载 - **mount** / **umount**。
### 编辑器vim
### 编辑器 - vim
1. 启动vim。可以通过`vi`或`vim`命令来启动vim,启动时可以指定文件名来打开一个文件,如果没有指定文件名,也可以在保存的时候指定文件名。
......@@ -759,19 +792,11 @@ Linux系统的命令通常都是如下所示的格式:
![](./res/vim-macro.png)
### 环境变量
1. HOME
2. SHELL
3. HISTSIZE
4. RANDOM
5. PATH
### 软件安装和配置
#### 使用包管理工具
1. yum - Yellowdog Updater Modified。
1. **yum** - Yellowdog Updater Modified。
- `yum search`:搜索软件包,例如`yum search nginx`。
- `yum list installed`:列出已经安装的软件包,例如`yum list installed | grep zlib`。
- `yum install`:安装软件包,例如`yum install nginx`。
......@@ -779,7 +804,7 @@ Linux系统的命令通常都是如下所示的格式:
- `yum update`:更新软件包,例如`yum update`可以更新所有软件包,而`yum update tar只会更新tar。
- `yum check-update`:检查有哪些可以更新的软件包。
- `yum info`:显示软件包的相关信息,例如`yum info nginx`。
2. rpm - Redhat Package Manager。
2. **rpm** - Redhat Package Manager。
- 安装软件包:`rpm -ivh <packagename>.rpm`。
- 移除软件包:`rpm -e <packagename>`。
- 查询软件包:`rpm -qa`,例如可以用`rpm -qa | grep mysql`来检查是否安装了MySQL相关的软件包。
......@@ -823,6 +848,14 @@ Description : Nginx is a web server and a reverse proxy server for HTTP, SMTP, P
nginx version: nginx/1.12.2
```
移除Nginx。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# nginx -s stop
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# yum -y remove nginx
```
下面以MySQL为例,演示如何使用rpm安装软件。要安装MySQL需要先到[MySQL官方网站](https://www.mysql.com/)下载对应的[RPM文件](https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/),当然要选择和你使用的Linux系统对应的版本。MySQL现在是Oracle公司旗下的产品,在MySQL被收购后,MySQL的作者重新制作了一个MySQL的分支MariaDB,可以通过yum进行安装。如果要安装MySQL需要先通过yum删除`mariadb-libs`这个可能会跟MySQL底层库冲突的库,然后还需要安装一个名为`libaio`的依赖库。
```Shell
......@@ -834,26 +867,19 @@ mysql-community-libs-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-server-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# yum -y remove mariadb-libs
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# yum -y install libaio
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-common-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: mysql-community-common-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package mysql-community-common-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64 is already installed
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-libs-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: mysql-community-libs-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package mysql-community-libs-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64 is already installed
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-client-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# ls | xargs rpm -ivh
warning: mysql-community-client-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package mysql-community-client-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64 is already installed
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-server-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: mysql-community-server-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package mysql-community-server-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64 is already installed
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# mysqld --version
mysqld Ver 5.7.22 for Linux on x86_64 (MySQL Community Server (GPL))
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# mysql --version
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.22, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
...
```
> 说明:由于MySQL和[MariaDB](https://mariadb.org/)的底层依赖库是有冲突的,所以上面我们首先用`yum`移除了名为mariadb-libs的依赖库并安装了名为libaio的依赖库。由于我们将安装MySQL所需的rpm文件放在一个独立的目录中,所以可以通过`ls`命令查看到安装文件并用`xargs`将`ls`的输出作为参数交给`rpm -ivh`来进行安装。关于MySQL和MariaDB之间的关系,可以阅读[维基百科](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MariaDB)上关于MariaDB的介绍。
移除安装的MySQL。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# rpm -qa | grep mysql | xargs rpm -e
```
#### 下载解压配置环境变量
......@@ -957,15 +983,6 @@ build environment:
redis-cli 3.2.12
```
### 进程和性能
1. top
2. pmap
3. sar
4. free
5. iostat
6. gprof
### 配置服务
1. 启动服务。
......@@ -1014,16 +1031,45 @@ build environment:
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# crontab -e
* * * * * echo "hello, world!" >> /root/hello.txt
59 23 * * * rm -f /root/*.log
```
> 说明:输入`crontab -e`命令会打开vim来编辑Cron表达式并指定触发的任务,上面我们定制了两个计划任务,一个是每分钟向/root目录下的hello.txt中追加输出`hello, world!`;另一个是每天23时59分执行删除/root目录下以log为后缀名的文件。如果不知道Cron表达式如何书写,可以参照/etc/crontab文件中的提示(下面会讲到)或者用谷歌或百度搜索一下,也可以使用Cron表达式在线生成器来生成Cron表达式。
2. crontab相关文件。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cd /etc
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z etc]# ls -l | grep cron
-rw-------. 1 root root 541 Aug 3 2017 anacrontab
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 27 11:56 cron.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 27 11:51 cron.daily
-rw-------. 1 root root 0 Aug 3 2017 cron.deny
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 27 11:50 cron.hourly
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 10 2014 cron.monthly
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 493 Jun 23 15:09 crontab
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 10 2014 cron.weekly
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z etc]# vim crontab
1 SHELL=/bin/bash
2 PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
3 MAILTO=root
4
5 # For details see man 4 crontabs
6
7 # Example of job definition:
8 # .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
9 # | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
10 # | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
11 # | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
12 # | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
13 # | | | | |
14 # * * * * * user-name command to be executed
```
通过修改`/etc`目录下的crontab文件也能够定制计划任务。
### 网络访问和管理
1. 通过网络获取资源 - **wget**。
......@@ -1116,13 +1162,158 @@ build environment:
- `bye`/`exit`/`quit`:退出sftp。
### 进程管理
1. **ps** - 查询进程。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ps -ef
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 Jun23 ? 00:00:05 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 21
root 2 0 0 Jun23 ? 00:00:00 [kthreadd]
...
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ps -ef | grep mysqld
root 4943 4581 0 22:45 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysqld
mysql 25257 1 0 Jun25 ? 00:00:39 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
```
2. **kill** - 终止进程。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# kill 1234
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# kill -9 1234
```
例子:用一条命令强制终止正在运行的Redis进程。
```Shell
ps -ef | grep redis | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}' | xargs kill
```
3. 将进程置于后台运行。
- `Ctrl+Z`
- `&`
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# mongod &
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# redis-server
...
^Z
[4]+ Stopped redis-server
```
4. **jobs** - 查询后台进程。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# jobs
[2] Running mongod &
[3]- Stopped cat
[4]+ Stopped redis-server
```
5. **bg** - 让进程在后台继续运行。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# bg %4
[4]+ redis-server &
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# jobs
[2] Running mongod &
[3]+ Stopped cat
[4]- Running redis-server &
```
6. **fg** - 将后台进程置于前台。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# fg %4
redis-server
^C5554:signal-handler (1530025281) Received SIGINT scheduling shutdown...
5554:M 26 Jun 23:01:21.413 # User requested shutdown...
5554:M 26 Jun 23:01:21.413 * Saving the final RDB snapshot before exiting.
5554:M 26 Jun 23:01:21.415 * DB saved on disk
5554:M 26 Jun 23:01:21.415 # Redis is now ready to exit, bye bye...
```
> 说明:置于前台的进程可以使用`Ctrl+C`来终止它。
7. **top** - 进程监控。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# top
top - 23:04:23 up 3 days, 14:10, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
Tasks: 65 total, 1 running, 64 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 0.3 us, 0.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem : 1016168 total, 191060 free, 324700 used, 500408 buff/cache
KiB Swap: 0 total, 0 free, 0 used. 530944 avail Mem
...
```
### 系统性能
1. 查看系统活动信息 - **sar**。
2. 查看内存使用情况 - **free**。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1016168 323924 190452 356 501792 531800
Swap: 0 0 0
```
3. 查看进程使用内存状况 - **pmap**。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
4581 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
5664 pts/0 00:00:00 ps
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# pmap 4581
4581: -bash
0000000000400000 884K r-x-- bash
00000000006dc000 4K r---- bash
00000000006dd000 36K rw--- bash
00000000006e6000 24K rw--- [ anon ]
0000000001de0000 400K rw--- [ anon ]
00007f82fe805000 48K r-x-- libnss_files-2.17.so
00007f82fe811000 2044K ----- libnss_files-2.17.so
...
```
4. 报告设备CPU和I/O统计信息 - **iostat**。
```Shell
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# iostat
Linux 3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64 (iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z) 06/26/2018 _x86_64_ (1 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.79 0.00 0.20 0.04 0.00 98.97
Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn
vda 0.85 6.78 21.32 2106565 6623024
vdb 0.00 0.01 0.00 2088 0
```
### Shell和Shell编程
#### 环境变量
1. HOME
2. SHELL
3. HISTSIZE
4. RANDOM
5. PATH
### 其他内容
1. awk
2. sed
3. xargs
\ No newline at end of file
......@@ -9,12 +9,16 @@
- 具体表象:用二维表(有行和列)组织数据。
- 编程语言:结构化查询语言(SQL)。
4. E-R图。
- 实体 - 矩形框
- 属性 - 椭圆框
- 关系 - 菱形框
- 重数 - 1:1 / 1:N / M:N
5. 关系型数据库产品。
- Oracle
- DB2
- SQL Server
- MySQL
- SQLite
- [Oracle](https://www.oracle.com/index.html)
- [DB2](https://www.ibm.com/analytics/us/en/db2/)
- [SQL Server](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server/)
- [MySQL](https://www.mysql.com/)
- [SQLite](https://www.sqlite.org/index.html)
### MySQL简介
......@@ -27,120 +31,164 @@
```SQL
-- 如果存在SRS数据库就删除
-- 创建数据库SRS
drop database if exists SRS;
-- 创建学生选课系统数据库SRS并指定默认字符集为UTF8
create database SRS default charset utf8;
-- 切换至SRS数据库
-- 切换到SRS
use SRS;
-- 查看当前数据库中所有表
show tables;
-- 创建学院表
create table tb_college
(
collid int not null auto_increment comment '学院编号',
collname varchar(50) not null comment '学院名称',
collmaster varchar(20) not null comment '院长姓名',
collweb varchar(511) default '' comment '学院网站',
primary key (collid)
);
-- 添加唯一性约束
alter table tb_college add constraint uni_college_collname unique (collname);
-- alter table tb_college drop index uni_college_collname;
-- 创建学生表TbStudent
create table TbStudent
-- 创建学生表
create table tb_student
(
stuid integer not null,
stuname varchar(20) not null,
stusex bit default 1,
stubirth datetime not null,
stutel char(11),
stuaddr varchar(255),
stuphoto longblob,
stuid int not null comment '学号',
stuname varchar(20) not null comment '学生姓名',
stusex bit default 1 comment '性别',
stubirth date not null comment '出生日期',
stuaddr varchar(255) default '' comment '籍贯',
collid int not null comment '所属学院编号',
primary key (stuid)
);
-- 修改学生表删除stutel列
alter table TbStudent drop column stutel;
-- 添加外键约束
alter table tb_student add constraint fk_student_collid foreign key (collid) references tb_college (collid);
-- 创建教师表
create table tb_teacher
(
teacherid int not null comment '教师工号',
tname varchar(20) not null comment '教师姓名',
ttitle varchar(10) default '' comment '职称',
collid int not null comment '所属学院编号'
);
-- 查看学生表结构
desc TbStudent;
-- 添加主键约束
alter table tb_teacher add constraint pk_teacher primary key (teacherid);
-- 如果表TbCourse已经存在就删除它
drop table if exists TbCourse;
-- 添加外键约束
alter table tb_teacher add constraint fk_teacher_collid foreign key (collid) references tb_college (collid);
-- 创建课程表TbCourse
create table TbCourse
-- 创建课程表
create table tb_course
(
cosid integer not null,
cosname varchar(50) not null,
coscredit tinyint not null,
cosintro varchar(255)
courseid int not null comment '课程编号',
cname varchar(50) not null comment '课程名称',
ccredit tinyint not null comment '学分',
tid int not null comment '教师工号',
primary key (courseid)
);
-- 给课程表设置主键约束
alter table TbCourse add constraint pk_course primary key (cosid);
-- 添加外键约束
alter table tb_course add constraint fk_course_tid foreign key (tid) references tb_teacher (teacherid);
-- 创建学生选课记录表TbSC
create table TbSC
-- 创建学生选课
create table tb_score
(
scid integer primary key auto_increment,
sid integer not null,
cid integer,
scdate datetime not null,
score float
scid int not null auto_increment comment '选课编号',
sid int not null comment '学号',
cid int not null comment '课程编号',
selectdate datetime comment '选课时间日期',
score decimal(4,1) comment '考试成绩',
primary key (scid)
);
-- 给表TbSC添加外键约束
alter table TbSC add constraint fk_sid foreign key (sid) references TbStudent (stuid) on delete cascade on update cascade;
alter table TbSC add constraint fk_cid foreign key (cid) references TBCourse (cosid);
-- 添加检查约束(MySQL中检查约束不生效)
alter table tb_score add constraint ck_score_score check (score between 0 and 100);
-- 添加外键约束
alter table tb_score add constraint fk_score_sid foreign key (sid) references tb_student (stuid);
alter table tb_score add constraint fk_score_cid foreign key (cid) references tb_course (courseid);
```
2. DML
```SQL
-- 添加学生记录
insert into TbStudent values (1001, '张三丰', default, '1978-1-1', '成都市一环路西二段17号', null);
insert into TbStudent (stuid, stuname, stubirth) values (1002, '郭靖', '1980-2-2');
insert into TbStudent (stuid, stuname, stusex, stubirth, stuaddr) values (1003, '黄蓉', 0, '1982-3-3', '成都市二环路南四段123号');
insert into TbStudent values (1004, '张无忌', 1, '1990-4-4', null, null);
insert into TbStudent values
(1005, '丘处机', 1, '1983-5-5', '北京市海淀区宝盛北里西区28号', null),
(1006, '王处一', 1, '1985-6-6', '深圳市宝安区宝安大道5010号', null),
(1007, '刘处玄', 1, '1987-7-7', '郑州市金水区纬五路21号', null),
(1008, '孙不二', 0, '1989-8-8', '武汉市光谷大道61号', null),
(1009, '平一指', 1, '1992-9-9', '西安市雁塔区高新六路52号', null),
(1010, '老不死', 1, '1993-10-10', '广州市天河区元岗路310号', null),
(1011, '王大锤', 0, '1994-11-11', null, null),
(1012, '隔壁老王', 1, '1995-12-12', null, null),
(1013, '郭啸天', 1, '1977-10-25', null, null);
-- 删除学生记录
delete from TbStudent where stuid=1004;
-- 更新学生记录
update TbStudent set stubirth='1980-12-12', stuaddr='上海市宝山区同济支路199号' where stuid=1002;
-- 添加课程记录
insert into TbCourse values
(1111, 'C语言程序设计', 3, '大神级讲师授课需要抢座'),
(2222, 'Java程序设计', 3, null),
(3333, '数据库概论', 2, null),
(4444, '操作系统原理', 4, null);
-- 添加学生选课记录
insert into TbSC values
(default, 1001, 1111, '2016-9-1', 95),
(default, 1002, 1111, '2016-9-1', 94),
(default, 1001, 2222, now(), null),
(default, 1001, 3333, '2017-3-1', 85),
(default, 1001, 4444, now(), null),
(default, 1002, 4444, now(), null),
(default, 1003, 2222, now(), null),
(default, 1003, 3333, now(), null),
(default, 1005, 2222, now(), null),
(default, 1006, 1111, now(), null),
(default, 1006, 2222, '2017-3-1', 80),
(default, 1006, 3333, now(), null),
(default, 1006, 4444, now(), null),
(default, 1007, 1111, '2016-9-1', null),
(default, 1007, 3333, now(), null),
(default, 1007, 4444, now(), null),
(default, 1008, 2222, now(), null),
(default, 1010, 1111, now(), null);
-- 插入学院数据
insert into tb_college
(collname, collmaster, collweb) values
('计算机学院', '左冷禅', 'http://www.abc.com'),
('外国语学院', '岳不群', 'http://www.xyz.com'),
('经济管理学院', '风清扬', 'http://www.foo.com');
-- 插入学生数据
insert into tb_student
(stuid, stuname, stusex, stubirth, stuaddr, collid) values
(1001, '向问天', 1, '1990-3-4', '四川成都', 1),
(1002, '任我行', 1, '1992-2-2', '湖南长沙', 1),
(1033, '任盈盈', 0, '1989-12-3', '湖南长沙', 1),
(1572, '余沧海', 1, '1993-7-19', '四川成都', 1),
(1378, '岳灵珊', 0, '1995-8-12', '四川绵阳', 1),
(1954, '林平之', 1, '1994-9-20', '福建莆田', 1),
(2035, '令狐冲', 1, '1988-6-30', '陕西咸阳', 2),
(3011, '林震南', 1, '1985-12-12', '福建莆田', 3),
(3755, '龙傲天', 1, '1993-1-25', '广东东莞', 3),
(3923, '向天问', 0, '1985-4-17', '四川成都', 3),
(2177, '隔壁老王', 1, '1989-11-27', '四川成都', 2);
-- 插入老师数据
insert into tb_teacher
(teacherid, tname, ttitle, collid) values
(1122, '张三丰', '教授', 1),
(1133, '宋远桥', '副教授', 1),
(1144, '杨逍', '副教授', 1),
(2255, '范遥', '副教授', 2),
(3366, '韦一笑', '讲师', 3);
-- 插入课程数据
insert into tb_course
(courseid, cname, ccredit, tid) values
(1111, 'Python程序设计', 3, 1122),
(2222, 'Web前端开发', 2, 1122),
(3333, '操作系统', 4, 1122),
(4444, '计算机网络', 2, 1133),
(5555, '编译原理', 4, 1144),
(6666, '算法和数据结构', 3, 1144),
(7777, '经贸法语', 3, 2255),
(8888, '成本会计', 2, 3366),
(9999, '审计', 3, 3366);
-- 插入选课数据
insert into tb_score
(sid, cid, selectdate, score) values
(1001, 1111, now(), 95),
(1001, 2222, now(), 87.5),
(1001, 3333, now(), 100),
(1001, 4444, now(), null),
(1001, 6666, now(), 100),
(1002, 1111, now(), 65),
(1002, 5555, now(), 42),
(1033, 1111, now(), 92.5),
(1033, 4444, now(), 78),
(1033, 5555, now(), 82.5),
(1572, 1111, now(), 78),
(1378, 1111, now(), 82),
(1378, 7777, now(), 65.5),
(2035, 7777, now(), 88),
(2035, 9999, now(), 70),
(3755, 1111, now(), 72.5),
(3755, 8888, now(), 93),
(3755, 9999, now(), null);
-- 删除数据
delete from tb_student where stuid=2177;
-- 更新数据
update tb_score set score=null where sid=1002 and cid=1111;
```
3. DQL
......@@ -148,90 +196,113 @@
```SQL
-- 查询所有学生信息
select * from TbStudent;
select * from tb_student;
select stuid, stuname, stusex, stubirth, stuaddr, collid
from tb_student;
-- 查询所有课程名称及学分(投影和别名)
select cosname as `课程名称`, coscredit as `学分` from TbCourse;
select cname as 课程名称, ccredit as 学分 from tb_course;
-- 查询所有女学生的姓名和出生日期(筛选)
select stuname, stubirth from TbStudent where stusex=0;
-- 查询所有80后学生的姓名、性别和出生日期(筛选)
select stuname as `姓名`, if(stusex, '男', '女') as `性别`, stubirth as `出生日期` from TbStudent where stubirth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';
-- 查询姓王的学生姓名和性别(模糊)
select stuname, stusex from TbStudent where stuname like '王%';
-- 查询姓郭名字总共两个字的学生的姓名(模糊)
select stuname from TbStudent where stuname like '郭_';
-- 查询姓郭名字总共三个字的学生的姓名(模糊)
select stuname from TbStudent where stuname like '郭__';
-- 查询名字中有王字的学生的姓名(模糊)
select stuname from TbStudent where stuname like '%王%';
-- 查询没有录入家庭住址和照片的学生姓名(多条件筛选和空值处理)
select stuname from TbStudent where stuaddr is null and stuphoto is null;
select stuname, stubirth from tb_student where stusex=0;
-- 查询所有80后女学生的姓名、性别(显示成'女')和出生日期(筛选)
select stuname, '女' as stusex, stubirth from tb_student
where stubirth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31' and stusex=0;
-- 查询姓“林”的学生姓名和性别(模糊)
select stuname, if(stusex, '男', '女') as stusex
from tb_student where stuname like '林%';
-- 查询姓“张”名字总共两个字的老师的姓名和职称(模糊)
select tname from tb_teacher where tname like '张_';
-- 查询姓“张”名字总共三个字的老师的姓名和职称(模糊)
select tname, ttitle from tb_teacher where tname like '张__';
-- 查询名字中有“天”字的学生的姓名(模糊)
select stuname from tb_student where stuname like '%天%';
-- 查询学生的籍贯
select distinct stuaddr from tb_student
where stuaddr<>'' and stuaddr is not null;
-- 查询男学生的姓名和生日按年龄从大到小排列(排序)
select stuname, stubirth from tb_student
where stusex=1 order by stubirth asc;
-- 查询年龄最大/最小的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
select min(stubirth) from tb_student;
select max(stubirth) from tb_student;
-- 查询学生/男学生/女学生的总人数
select count(stuid) from tb_student;
select count(stuid) from tb_student where stusex=1;
select count(stuid) from tb_student where stusex=0;
-- 查询1111课程的平均分/最低分/最高分/选课人数/考试人数
select avg(score) from tb_score where cid=1111;
select min(score) from tb_score where cid=1111;
select max(score) from tb_score where cid=1111;
select count(sid) from tb_score where cid=1111;
select count(score) from tb_score where cid=1111;
-- 查询学生选课的所有日期(去重)
select distinct scdate from TbSC;
-- 查询男女学生的人数(分组和聚合函数)
select if(stusex, '男', '女') as 性别, count(stusex) as 人数
from tb_student group by stusex order by 人数 desc;
-- 查询学生的姓名和生日按年龄从大到小排列(排序)
select stuname, stubirth from TbStudent order by stubirth;
-- 查询学号为1001的学生所有课程的总成绩(筛选和聚合函数)
select sum(score) as 总成绩 from tb_score where sid=1001;
-- 查询所有录入了家庭住址的男学生的姓名、出生日期和家庭住址按年龄从小到大排列(多条件筛选和排序)
select stuname, stubirth, stuaddr from TbStudent where stusex=1 and stuaddr is not null order by stubirth desc;
-- 查询每个学生的学号和平均成绩(分组和聚合函数)
select sid as 学号, avg(score) as 平均分
from tb_score
where score is not null
group by sid
order by 平均分 desc;
-- 查询年龄最大的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
select min(stubirth) from TbStudent;
-- 查询平均成绩大于等于80分的学生的学号和平均成绩(分组后的筛选)
select sid as 学号, avg(score) as 平均分
from tb_score
group by sid having 平均分>=80
order by 平均分 desc;
-- 查询年龄最小的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
select max(stubirth) from TbStudent;
-- 查询年龄最大的学生的姓名(子查询)
select stuname from tb_student
where stubirth=(select min(stubirth) from tb_student);
select stuname from tb_student
where stubirth=(select max(stubirth) from tb_student);
-- 查询男女学生的人数(分组和聚合函数)
select if(stusex, '男', '女') as `性别`, count(stusex) as `人数` from TbStudent group by stusex;
-- 查询选了三门及以上的课程的学生姓名(子查询/分组条件/集合运算)
select stuname from tb_student where stuid in
(select sid from tb_score group by sid having count(sid)>=3);
-- 查询课程编号为1111的课程的平均成绩(筛选和聚合函数)
select avg(score) as `平均成绩` from TbSC where cid=1111;
-- 查询课程名称、学分、授课老师的名字和职称
select cname, ccredit, tname, ttitle
from tb_course, tb_teacher
where tid=teacherid;
-- 查询学号为1001的学生所有课程的总成绩(筛选和聚合函数)
select sum(score) as `总成绩` from TbSC where sid=1001;
select cname, ccredit, tname, ttitle
from tb_course inner join tb_teacher
on tid=teacherid;
-- 查询每个学生的学号和平均成绩, null值处理成0(分组和聚合函数)
select sid as `学号`, ifnull(avg(score), 0) as `平均成绩` from TbSC group by sid;
-- 查询学生姓名和所在学院名称
select stuname, collname
from tb_student t1, tb_college t2
where t1.collid=t2.collid;
-- 查询平均成绩大于等于90分的学生的学号和平均成绩
select sid as `学号`, avg(score) as `平均成绩` from TbSC group by sid having avg(score)>=90;
select stuname, collname from tb_student t1
inner join tb_college t2 on t1.collid=t2.collid;
-- 查询年龄最大的学生的姓名(子查询)
select stuname from TbStudent where stubirth=(select min(stubirth) from TbStudent);
-- 查询学生姓名、课程名称以及考试成绩
-- 查询选了两门以上的课程的学生姓名(子查询/分组条件/集合运算)
select stuname from TbStudent where stuid in
(select sid from TbSC group by sid having count(sid)>2);
-- 查询选课学生的姓名和平均成绩(子查询和连接查询)
-- 写法1:
select stuname, avgscore from TbStudent t1 inner join
(select sid, avg(score) as avgscore from TbSC where score is not null group by sid) t2 on t1.stuid=t2.sid;
-- 写法2:
select stuname, avgscore from TbStudent t1,
(select sid, avg(score) as avgscore from TbSC where score is not null group by sid) t2 where t1.stuid=t2.sid;
-- 查询学生姓名、所选课程名称和成绩(连接查询)
-- 写法1:
select stuname, cosname, score from
TbStudent t1, TbCourse t2, TbSC t3
where t1.stuid=t3.sid and t2.cosid=t3.cid and t3.score is not null;
-- 写法2:
select stuname, cosname, score from TbStudent t1 inner join TbCourse t2
inner join (select sid, cid, score from TbSC where score is not null) t3
on t1.stuid=t3.sid and t2.cosid=t3.cid;
-- 查询每个学生的姓名和选课数量(左外连接和子查询)
select stuname as `姓名`, ifnull(coscount, 0) as `选课数` from TbStudent t1
left outer join (select sid, count(sid) as coscount from TbSC group by sid) t2 on t1.stuid=t2.sid;
```
4. DCL
......@@ -248,6 +319,22 @@
revoke insert, delete, update on SRS.* from 'hellokitty'@'localhost';
```
### 相关知识
#### 范式理论
#### 数据完整性
1. 实体完整性 - 每个实体都是独一无二的
- 主键 / 唯一约束 / 唯一索引
2. 引用完整性(参照完整性)
- 外键
3. 域完整性 - 数据是有效的
- 数据类型
- 非空约束
- 默认值约束
- 检查约束
### Python数据库编程
1. MySQLdb
......
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